postgresql ha

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postgresql 基础

请将 pgsql/bin 加入PATH环境变量

pg_hba.conf 配置

可参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/flying-tiger/p/5983588.html

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TYPE       DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS                 METHOD
local      database  user  auth-method  [auth-options]
host       database  user  address  auth-method  [auth-options]
hostssl    database  user  address  auth-method  [auth-options]
hostnossl  database  user  address  auth-method  [auth-options]
host       database  user  IP-address  IP-mask  auth-method  [auth-options]
hostssl    database  user  IP-address  IP-mask  auth-method  [auth-options]
hostnossl  database  user  IP-address  IP-mask  auth-method  [auth-options]

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# 示例
local   all             all                                     md5
host    all             all             172.22.30.190/32        md5

###postgresql.conf配置

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用户角色权限

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CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

where option can be:
    
      SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
    | CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
    | CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
    | CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
    # NOINHERIT 顶级ROLE，不能再去继承别人
    # INHERIT 可以去继承别人的权限
    | INHERIT | NOINHERIT
    | LOGIN | NOLOGIN
    | CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit
    | PASSWORD 'password'
    | VALID UNTIL 'timestamp' 
    | IN ROLE role_name [, ...]
    | IN GROUP role_name [, ...]
    | ROLE role_name [, ...]
    | ADMIN role_name [, ...]
    | USER role_name [, ...]
    | SYSID uid 

CREATE USER db_test LOGIN PASSWORD 'hnaDtnIqIJfTZTaJ'
# CREATE USER 和 CREATE ROLE 的区别在于：create user 是默认带 login 的，而 role 是默认 nologin
# 赋予 role 权限
CREATE USER son2 INHERIT password 'abc123' in role father;
GRANT father to son2;
# 修改角色权限
 ALTER ROLE postgres  password '****';

数据库表

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# 列举数据库
\l
# 切换数据库
\c dbname
# 列举数据表
\dt
# 查看表权限
=> \dp mytable | \z
                              Access privileges
 Schema |  Name   | Type  |   Access privileges   | Column access privileges 
--------+---------+-------+-----------------------+--------------------------
 public | mytable | table | miriam=arwdDxt/miriam | col1:
                          : =r/miriam             :   miriam_rw=rw/miriam
                          : admin=arw/miriam 
# 具体的 Access privileges 解释
 rolename=xxxx -- privileges granted to a role
         =xxxx -- privileges granted to PUBLIC

            r -- SELECT ("read")
            w -- UPDATE ("write")
            a -- INSERT ("append")
            d -- DELETE
            D -- TRUNCATE
            x -- REFERENCES
            t -- TRIGGER
            X -- EXECUTE
            U -- USAGE
            C -- CREATE
            c -- CONNECT
            T -- TEMPORARY
      arwdDxt -- ALL PRIVILEGES (for tables, varies for other objects)
            * -- grant option for preceding privilege

        /yyyy -- role that granted this privilege

schema

schema 相当于一个命名空间

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# 创建 schema
create schema s02
# 创建 schema 指定用户
create schema s02 authorization db_test;
# 查看所有 schema
\dn
# 赋予权限
grant create on schema zzz to brent;
grant usage on schema zzz to brent;
grant all on schema zzz to brent;

schema 的搜索路径

如果每个schema下都有同名的对象(比如表t),我查询的是哪个schema下的表呢
pg下通过一个搜索路径参数来控制, search_path

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db01=> show search_path;
  search_path   
----------------
 "$user",public
(1 row)

db01=> select * from t1;
  id   
-------
 hippo
(1 row)

db01=> set search_path = 's01';
SET
db01=> select * from t1;
 id  
-----
 s01

postgresql 高可用

主从配置

主库配置

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# 配置从库流复制权限帐号
CREATE ROLE replic login replication password 'replic';
# 配置pg_hba.conf
host    replication     replic             10.95.106.105/32            md5
# 配置 postgresql.conf
listen_addresses = '*'
port = 8432

wal_level = replica



fsync = on
synchronous_commit = off

archive_mode = on
archive_command = 'mkdir -p /home/postgre/backup && test ! -f /home/postgre/backup/%f && cp %p /home/postgre/backup/%f'
archive_timeout = 600
max_wal_senders = 10
wal_sender_timeout = 60s

从库配置

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mkdir data
mkdir log
# 进行首次备份
./bin/pg_basebackup -F p --progress -D ./data/ -h 10.100.29.125 -p 8432 -U replic --password
# 成功后，可以看到 data 文件夹里跟主库的内容一致

# 创建recovery.conf并修改配置
cp ./share/postgresql/recovery.conf.sample ./data/recovery.conf
# recovery.conf
standby_mode = on
primary_conninfo = 'host=10.100.29.125 port=8432 user=replic password=replic'
# 配置trigger_file，一旦发现有了这个文件，从库会自动升级为主库，接受写请求，recovery.conf 会更名为 recovery.done
trigger_file = '/home/work/workspace/pgsql/trigger_to_primary'

# 启动从库，这个时候如果直接用 restart 会报错说找不到postmaster.opts
./bin/pg_ctl -D ./data/ -l ./log/pg.log start

pgpool-II

安装

http://www.pgpool.net
从下载页下载源码进行编译

http://www.pgpool.net/docs/pgpool-II-3.2.1/pgpool-zh_cn.html

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$ tar -zxvf pgpool-II-4.0.2.tar.gz
$ cd pgpool-II-4.0.2
# 这个时候最好已经把 pgsql 的路径放到了环境变量 PATH 中
$ ./configure --prefix=/home/postgre/pgpool
$ make
$ make install
# 不要 make clean，可能会出问题

# 安装pgpool_recovery
$ cd pgpool-II-x.x.x/src/sql/pgpool-recovery
$ make
$ make install

$ psql template1
=# CREATE EXTENSION pgpool_recovery;


# 建立 pgpool 机器到 postgresql 机器的 ssh 信任连接
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
$ ssh-copy-id postgre@slave1

配置

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$ cd /home/postgre/pgpool/etc
$ cp pcp.conf.sample pcp.conf
$ cp pgpool.conf.sample-stream pgpool.conf
$ cp pool_hba.conf.sample pool_hba.conf

# 启用配置文件pool_passwd
$ pg_md5 -m -p -u postgre pool_passwd

#####pgpool.conf

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# 编辑 pgpool.conf

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - pgpool Connection Settings -

listen_addresses = '*'                        
port = 8431                
socket_dir = '/tmp'                                


# - pgpool Communication Manager Connection Settings -

pcp_listen_addresses = '*'
pcp_port = 8430
pcp_socket_dir = '/tmp'
listen_backlog_multiplier = 2
serialize_accept = off

# - Backend Connection Settings -
# 对已有的值，必须重启 pgpool，新增的值，可以只 reload 就生效
backend_hostname0 = '10.95.106.105'
                                   # Host name or IP address to connect to for backend 0
backend_port0 = 8432
                                   # Port number for backend 0
backend_weight0 = 1
                                   # Weight for backend 0 (only in load balancing mode)
backend_data_directory0 = '/home/postgre/pgsql/data'
                                   # Data directory for backend 0
backend_flag0 = 'ALLOW_TO_FAILOVER'
                                   # Controls various backend behavior
                                   # ALLOW_TO_FAILOVER, DISALLOW_TO_FAILOVER
				   # or ALWAYS_MASTER
backend_hostname1 = '10.100.29.125'
backend_port1 = 8432
backend_weight1 = 1
backend_data_directory1 = '/home/postgre/pgsql/data'
backend_flag1 = 'ALLOW_TO_FAILOVER'

# - Authentication -

enable_pool_hba = on
                                   # Use pool_hba.conf for client authentication
pool_passwd = 'pool_passwd'
                                   # File name of pool_passwd for md5 authentication.
                                   # "" disables pool_passwd.
                                   # (change requires restart)
authentication_timeout = 60
                                   # Delay in seconds to complete client authentication
                                   # 0 means no timeout.

allow_clear_text_frontend_auth = off
                                   # Allow Pgpool-II to use clear text password authentication
                                   # with clients, when pool_passwd does not
                                   # contain the user password

# - SSL Connections -

ssl = off

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

pid_file_name = '/home/postgre/pgpool/pgpool.pid'
logdir = '/tmp'

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPLICATION MODE
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

replication_mode = off
replicate_select = off

insert_lock = off
lobj_lock_table = ''

# - Degenerate handling -

replication_stop_on_mismatch = off

failover_if_affected_tuples_mismatch = off


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# LOAD BALANCING MODE
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

load_balance_mode = on

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# MASTER/SLAVE MODE
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

master_slave_mode = on
                                   # Activate master/slave mode
                                   # (change requires restart)
master_slave_sub_mode = 'stream'
                                   # Master/slave sub mode
                                   # Valid values are combinations stream, slony
                                   # or logical. Default is stream.
                                   # (change requires restart)

# - Streaming -

sr_check_period = 10
                                   # Streaming replication check period
                                   # Disabled (0) by default
# 这个是需要的                                   
sr_check_user = 'postgre'
                                   # Streaming replication check user
                                   # This is neccessary even if you disable streaming
                                   # replication delay check by sr_check_period = 0
sr_check_password = 'postgre'
                                   # Password for streaming replication check user
                                   # Leaving it empty will make Pgpool-II to first look for the
                                   # Password in pool_passwd file before using the empty password

sr_check_database = 'postgres'
                                   # Database name for streaming replication check
delay_threshold = 10000000
                                   # Threshold before not dispatching query to standby node
                                   # Unit is in bytes
                                   # Disabled (0) by default

# - Special commands -

follow_master_command = ''
                                   # Executes this command after master failover
                                   # Special values:
                                   #   %d = node id
                                   #   %h = host name
                                   #   %p = port number
                                   #   %D = database cluster path
                                   #   %m = new master node id
                                   #   %H = hostname of the new master node
                                   #   %M = old master node id
                                   #   %P = old primary node id
								   #   %r = new master port number
								   #   %R = new master database cluster path
                                   #   %% = '%' character

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# HEALTH CHECK GLOBAL PARAMETERS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

health_check_period = 1
                                   # Health check period
                                   # Disabled (0) by default
health_check_timeout = 20
                                   # Health check timeout
                                   # 0 means no timeout
health_check_user = 'postgre'
                                   # Health check user
health_check_password = 'postgre'
                                   # Password for health check user
                                   # Leaving it empty will make Pgpool-II to first look for the
                                   # Password in pool_passwd file before using the empty password

health_check_database = ''
                                   # Database name for health check. If '', tries 'postgres' frist,
health_check_max_retries = 0
                                   # Maximum number of times to retry a failed health check before giving up.
health_check_retry_delay = 1
                                   # Amount of time to wait (in seconds) between retries.
connect_timeout = 10000
                                   # Timeout value in milliseconds before giving up to connect to backend.
								   # Default is 10000 ms (10 second). Flaky network user may want to increase
								   # the value. 0 means no timeout.
								   # Note that this value is not only used for health check,
								   # but also for ordinary conection to backend.

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# HEALTH CHECK PER NODE PARAMETERS (OPTIONAL)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#health_check_period0 = 0
#health_check_timeout0 = 20
#health_check_user0 = 'nobody'
#health_check_password0 = ''
#health_check_database0 = ''
#health_check_max_retries0 = 0
#health_check_retry_delay0 = 1
#connect_timeout0 = 10000

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FAILOVER AND FAILBACK
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

failover_command = '/home/postgre/pgpool/bin/failover_stream.sh %d %H /home/postgre/pgsql/trigger_to_primary'
                                   # Executes this command at failover
                                   # Special values:
                                   #   %d = node id
                                   #   %h = host name
                                   #   %p = port number
                                   #   %D = database cluster path
                                   #   %m = new master node id
                                   #   %H = hostname of the new master node
                                   #   %M = old master node id
                                   #   %P = old primary node id
								   #   %r = new master port number
								   #   %R = new master database cluster path
                                   #   %% = '%' character
failback_command = ''
                                   # Executes this command at failback.
                                   # Special values:
                                   #   %d = node id
                                   #   %h = host name
                                   #   %p = port number
                                   #   %D = database cluster path
                                   #   %m = new master node id
                                   #   %H = hostname of the new master node
                                   #   %M = old master node id
                                   #   %P = old primary node id
								   #   %r = new master port number
								   #   %R = new master database cluster path
                                   #   %% = '%' character

failover_on_backend_error = on
                                   # Initiates failover when reading/writing to the
                                   # backend communication socket fails
                                   # If set to off, pgpool will report an
                                   # error and disconnect the session.

detach_false_primary = off
                                   # Detach false primary if on. Only
                                   # valid in streaming replicaton
                                   # mode and with PostgreSQL 9.6 or
                                   # after.

search_primary_node_timeout = 300
                                   # Timeout in seconds to search for the
                                   # primary node when a failover occurs.
                                   # 0 means no timeout, keep searching
                                   # for a primary node forever.

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ONLINE RECOVERY
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

recovery_user = 'nobody'
                                   # Online recovery user
recovery_password = ''
                                   # Online recovery password
                                   # Leaving it empty will make Pgpool-II to first look for the
                                   # Password in pool_passwd file before using the empty password

recovery_1st_stage_command = ''
                                   # Executes a command in first stage
recovery_2nd_stage_command = ''
                                   # Executes a command in second stage
recovery_timeout = 90
                                   # Timeout in seconds to wait for the
                                   # recovering node's postmaster to start up
                                   # 0 means no wait
client_idle_limit_in_recovery = 0
                                   # Client is disconnected after being idle
                                   # for that many seconds in the second stage
                                   # of online recovery
                                   # 0 means no disconnection
                                   # -1 means immediate disconnection


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WATCHDOG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Enabling -

use_watchdog = off
                                    # Activates watchdog
                                    # (change requires restart)

# -Connection to up stream servers -

trusted_servers = ''
                                    # trusted server list which are used
                                    # to confirm network connection
                                    # (hostA,hostB,hostC,...)
                                    # (change requires restart)
ping_path = '/bin'
                                    # ping command path
                                    # (change requires restart)

# - Watchdog communication Settings -

wd_hostname = ''
                                    # Host name or IP address of this watchdog
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_port = 9000
                                    # port number for watchdog service
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_priority = 1
									# priority of this watchdog in leader election
									# (change requires restart)

wd_authkey = ''
                                    # Authentication key for watchdog communication
                                    # (change requires restart)

wd_ipc_socket_dir = '/tmp'
									# Unix domain socket path for watchdog IPC socket
									# The Debian package defaults to
									# /var/run/postgresql
									# (change requires restart)


# - Virtual IP control Setting -

delegate_IP = ''
                                    # delegate IP address
                                    # If this is empty, virtual IP never bring up.
                                    # (change requires restart)
if_cmd_path = '/sbin'
                                    # path to the directory where if_up/down_cmd exists
                                    # (change requires restart)
if_up_cmd = 'ip addr add $_IP_$/24 dev eth0 label eth0:0'
                                    # startup delegate IP command
                                    # (change requires restart)
if_down_cmd = 'ip addr del $_IP_$/24 dev eth0'
                                    # shutdown delegate IP command
                                    # (change requires restart)
arping_path = '/usr/sbin'
                                    # arping command path
                                    # (change requires restart)
arping_cmd = 'arping -U $_IP_$ -w 1'
                                    # arping command
                                    # (change requires restart)

# - Behaivor on escalation Setting -

clear_memqcache_on_escalation = on
                                    # Clear all the query cache on shared memory
                                    # when standby pgpool escalate to active pgpool
                                    # (= virtual IP holder).
                                    # This should be off if client connects to pgpool
                                    # not using virtual IP.
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_escalation_command = ''
                                    # Executes this command at escalation on new active pgpool.
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_de_escalation_command = ''
									# Executes this command when master pgpool resigns from being master.
									# (change requires restart)

# - Watchdog consensus settings for failover -

failover_when_quorum_exists = on
									# Only perform backend node failover
									# when the watchdog cluster holds the quorum
									# (change requires restart)

failover_require_consensus = on
									# Perform failover when majority of Pgpool-II nodes
									# aggrees on the backend node status change
									# (change requires restart)

allow_multiple_failover_requests_from_node = off
									# A Pgpool-II node can cast multiple votes
									# for building the consensus on failover
									# (change requires restart)


# - Lifecheck Setting -

# -- common --

wd_monitoring_interfaces_list = ''  # Comma separated list of interfaces names to monitor.
									# if any interface from the list is active the watchdog will
									# consider the network is fine
									# 'any' to enable monitoring on all interfaces except loopback
									# '' to disable monitoring
									# (change requires restart)

wd_lifecheck_method = 'heartbeat'
                                    # Method of watchdog lifecheck ('heartbeat' or 'query' or 'external')
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_interval = 10
                                    # lifecheck interval (sec) > 0
                                    # (change requires restart)

# -- heartbeat mode --

wd_heartbeat_port = 9694
                                    # Port number for receiving heartbeat signal
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_heartbeat_keepalive = 2
                                    # Interval time of sending heartbeat signal (sec)
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_heartbeat_deadtime = 30
                                    # Deadtime interval for heartbeat signal (sec)
                                    # (change requires restart)
heartbeat_destination0 = 'host0_ip1'
                                    # Host name or IP address of destination 0
                                    # for sending heartbeat signal.
                                    # (change requires restart)
heartbeat_destination_port0 = 9694
                                    # Port number of destination 0 for sending
                                    # heartbeat signal. Usually this is the
                                    # same as wd_heartbeat_port.
                                    # (change requires restart)
heartbeat_device0 = ''
                                    # Name of NIC device (such like 'eth0')
                                    # used for sending/receiving heartbeat
                                    # signal to/from destination 0.
                                    # This works only when this is not empty
                                    # and pgpool has root privilege.
                                    # (change requires restart)

#heartbeat_destination1 = 'host0_ip2'
#heartbeat_destination_port1 = 9694
#heartbeat_device1 = ''

# -- query mode --

wd_life_point = 3
                                    # lifecheck retry times
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_lifecheck_query = 'SELECT 1'
                                    # lifecheck query to pgpool from watchdog
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_lifecheck_dbname = 'template1'
                                    # Database name connected for lifecheck
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_lifecheck_user = 'nobody'
                                    # watchdog user monitoring pgpools in lifecheck
                                    # (change requires restart)
wd_lifecheck_password = ''
                                    # Password for watchdog user in lifecheck
                                    # Leaving it empty will make Pgpool-II to first look for the
                                    # Password in pool_passwd file before using the empty password
                                    # (change requires restart)

# - Other pgpool Connection Settings -

#other_pgpool_hostname0 = 'host0'
                                    # Host name or IP address to connect to for other pgpool 0
                                    # (change requires restart)
#other_pgpool_port0 = 5432
                                    # Port number for other pgpool 0
                                    # (change requires restart)
#other_wd_port0 = 9000
                                    # Port number for other watchdog 0
                                    # (change requires restart)
#other_pgpool_hostname1 = 'host1'
#other_pgpool_port1 = 5432
#other_wd_port1 = 9000


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# OTHERS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
relcache_expire = 0
                                   # Life time of relation cache in seconds.
                                   # 0 means no cache expiration(the default).
                                   # The relation cache is used for cache the
                                   # query result against PostgreSQL system
                                   # catalog to obtain various information
                                   # including table structures or if it's a
                                   # temporary table or not. The cache is
                                   # maintained in a pgpool child local memory
                                   # and being kept as long as it survives.
                                   # If someone modify the table by using
                                   # ALTER TABLE or some such, the relcache is
                                   # not consistent anymore.
                                   # For this purpose, cache_expiration
                                   # controls the life time of the cache.
relcache_size = 256
                                   # Number of relation cache
                                   # entry. If you see frequently:
								   # "pool_search_relcache: cache replacement happend"
								   # in the pgpool log, you might want to increate this number.

check_temp_table = on
                                   # If on, enable temporary table check in SELECT statements.
                                   # This initiates queries against system catalog of primary/master
								   # thus increases load of master.
								   # If you are absolutely sure that your system never uses temporary tables
								   # and you want to save access to primary/master, you could turn this off.
								   # Default is on.

check_unlogged_table = on
                                   # If on, enable unlogged table check in SELECT statements.
                                   # This initiates queries against system catalog of primary/master
                                   # thus increases load of master.
                                   # If you are absolutely sure that your system never uses unlogged tables
                                   # and you want to save access to primary/master, you could turn this off.
                                   # Default is on.

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# IN MEMORY QUERY MEMORY CACHE
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
memory_cache_enabled = off
								   # If on, use the memory cache functionality, off by default
memqcache_method = 'shmem'
								   # Cache storage method. either 'shmem'(shared memory) or
								   # 'memcached'. 'shmem' by default
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_memcached_host = 'localhost'
								   # Memcached host name or IP address. Mandatory if
								   # memqcache_method = 'memcached'.
								   # Defaults to localhost.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_memcached_port = 11211
								   # Memcached port number. Mondatory if memqcache_method = 'memcached'.
								   # Defaults to 11211.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_total_size = 67108864
								   # Total memory size in bytes for storing memory cache.
								   # Mandatory if memqcache_method = 'shmem'.
								   # Defaults to 64MB.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_max_num_cache = 1000000
								   # Total number of cache entries. Mandatory
								   # if memqcache_method = 'shmem'.
								   # Each cache entry consumes 48 bytes on shared memory.
								   # Defaults to 1,000,000(45.8MB).
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_expire = 0
								   # Memory cache entry life time specified in seconds.
								   # 0 means infinite life time. 0 by default.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_auto_cache_invalidation = on
								   # If on, invalidation of query cache is triggered by corresponding
								   # DDL/DML/DCL(and memqcache_expire).  If off, it is only triggered
								   # by memqcache_expire.  on by default.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_maxcache = 409600
								   # Maximum SELECT result size in bytes.
								   # Must be smaller than memqcache_cache_block_size. Defaults to 400KB.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_cache_block_size = 1048576
								   # Cache block size in bytes. Mandatory if memqcache_method = 'shmem'.
								   # Defaults to 1MB.
                                   # (change requires restart)
memqcache_oiddir = '/var/log/pgpool/oiddir'
				   				   # Temporary work directory to record table oids
                                   # (change requires restart)
white_memqcache_table_list = ''
                                   # Comma separated list of table names to memcache
                                   # that don't write to database
                                   # Regexp are accepted
black_memqcache_table_list = ''
                                   # Comma separated list of table names not to memcache
                                   # that don't write to database
                                   # Regexp are accepted

failover_stream.sh
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failed_node=$1
new_master=$2
trigger_file=$3
 
# Do nothing if standby goes down.
if [ $failed_node = 1 ]; then
        exit 0;
fi
 
# Create the trigger file.
/usr/bin/ssh -T $new_master /bin/touch $trigger_file
 
exit 0;